In this appeal we are asked to determine whether the one hundred and eight employee-beneficiaries of a trust created under a profit-sharing plan qualify as "customers" of a bankrupt broker-dealer for the purpose of receiving compensation for losses available to such customers under the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970 (SIPA), 15 U.S.C. § 78aaa et seq.1 The question was resolved in the beneficiaries' favor below. For the reasons which follow, we reverse and remand to the Bankruptcy Court.

In 1957 Reading Body Works, Inc. (Reading) established a profit-sharing plan (the Plan), pursuant to which a trust fund was created and maintained through yearly employer contributions based upon Reading's net earnings. The Plan provided that employees would earn "credits" or a percentage interest in the fund according to annual compensation level and consecutive years of service. The employees' individual credit units were in proportion to the units of all employees, and were based upon the current value of the assets in the trust. Separate accounts for each employee were maintained in the records of the trust to reflect the individual employee's accumulated credits and the current value of each employee's account. Each employee's interest in the trust was vested and non-forfeitable, but payable only upon the employee's termination of employment with Reading.

Title to the trust assets was held by three trustees (the Trustees) who were responsible for the management of the trust and the investment of its assets. In 1972, an account was established with Morgan-Kennedy & Co. (the debtor). The account was held in the Trustees' names; the names of the various employee-beneficiaries did not appear on the debtor's books or records. Control over investment decisions was exercised solely by the Trustees, who communicated regularly with the debtor with respect to all transactions.

Liquidation proceedings against the debtor were commenced under SIPA in 1973, and a trustee (Bondy) was appointed. The Plan's Trustees subsequently submitted a claim for $133,501.15, the amount owed by the debtor to the trust on the filing date of the liquidation proceedings. Bondy thereafter informed the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), the corporation created under SIPA that advances funds to liquidating trustees in order to compensate for customer losses, that he intended to treat the one hundred and eight trust beneficiaries as separate customers of the debtor; this would entitle each of the one hundred and eight to SIPA's maximum insurance coverage per customer of $50,000 for securities and $20,000 for cash held by the debtor as of the date of commencement of liquidation proceedings.

Bondy's interpretation of the term "customer" was disputed by SIPC. SIPC claimed that the trust, and not each of its beneficiaries, was the debtor's customer under SIPA; accordingly, SIPC recognized only one valid insurance claim. The Trustees supported Bondy's position; they also argued alternatively that, if SIPC's position respecting the definition of customer was correct, then the three Trustees should be treated as separate customers, and each of their claims accorded the $50,000 maximum award for securities held by the debtor.

Both the Bankruptcy Court and the District Court ruled in favor of Bondy and the Trustees on the definitional issue and did not reach the alternative arguments raised by the Trustees.

to afford protection to public customers in the event broker-dealers with whom they transact business encounter financial difficulties and are unable to satisfy their obligations to their public customers. S. E. C. v. Alan F. Hughes, Inc., 461 F.2d 974, 977 (2d Cir. 1972).

To this end SIPA establishes a Securities Investor Protection Corporation, commonly known by the acronym "SIPC". SIPC is a non-profit membership organization, whose members include all brokers or dealers who are members of a national securities exchange or are otherwise registered as brokers or dealers under 15 U.S.C. § 78o (b). Unless a broker or dealer falls within one of the exceptions (not relevant here) contained in § 78ccc(a)(2)(B), membership in SIPC is mandatory. The role of SIPC has been aptly described by one commentator:

SIPC's main function is to step in to liquidate a broker or dealer when customers' assets are in danger, and to protect a customer up to a total amount of $50,000 represented by proven claims to cash and securities expected to be in the hands of the broker or dealer. But no more than $20,000 represented by claims to cash can be recovered under the protective plan of SIPC, though the claim to securities may exceed this limit.2

The decision to advance monies in satisfaction of outstanding claims against a bankrupt broker-dealer turns on whether the claimant qualifies as a "customer" of the broker-dealer. The maximum award available turns on whether the customer's losses arise from cash, or from securities held by the debtor.3 The pertinent definitional language states that

"customers" of a debtor means persons (including persons with whom the debtor deals as principal or agent) who have claims on account of securities received, acquired, or held by the debtor from or for the account of such persons (I) for safekeeping, or (II) with a view to sale, or (III) to cover consummated sales, or (IV) pursuant to purchases, or (V) as collateral security, or (VI) by way of loans of securities by such persons to the debtor, and shall include persons who have claims against the debtor arising out of sales or conversions of such securities, and shall include any person who has deposited cash with the debtor for the purposes of purchasing securities, but shall not include any person to the extent that such person has a claim for property which by contract, agreement, or understanding, or by operation of law, is part of the capital of the debtor or is subordinated to the claims of creditors of the debtor . . .

15 U.S.C. § 78fff(c)(2)(A)(ii) (emphasis added).

III. "CUSTOMER" STATUS OF THE EMPLOYEE-BENEFICIARIES

The status of trust beneficiaries is not dealt with specifically in either the above-quoted section or elsewhere in the statute. However, both the relevant case law and our own interpretation of the term persuade us that the trust beneficiaries before us cannot come within the term "customer", no matter how far that word is stretched in service to the equitable ends of SIPA.4

In S. E. C. v. F. O. Baroff Company, Inc., 497 F.2d 280 (2d Cir. 1974), this Court held that a voluntary lender of securities to a failing brokerage house, who made his loan to solely help out the company, was not a customer within the meaning of SIPA. The rationale for the Court's decision was that the lender could in no wise be considered a public investor of the broker-dealer, the essential criterion for establishing "customer" status under the language of SIPA and within the intent of Congress.

The legislative history is clear that the 1970 Act was not designed to protect a lender in appellant's class. Most of the definition of "customers", including subpart VI, was taken from section 60e(1) of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 96(e)(1), added in 1938, which established special rules "(w)here the bankrupt is a stockbroker." Both the legislative history of that provision and its use since enactment have stressed protection to, and equality of treatment of, the public customer who has entrusted securities to a broker for some purpose connected with participation in the securities markets.

The 1970 Act carries through the same theme. The House Report states: "The primary purpose of the reported bill is to provide protection for investors (emphasis supplied) if the broker-dealer with whom they are doing business encounters financial troubles." H.Rep.No.91-1613, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. (1970), 3 U.S.Code Congressional and Administrative News, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 5255 (1970). Throughout the report "investors" is used synonymously with "customers," indicating that, in the eyes of Congress, the Act would protect capital markets by instilling confidence in securities traders.

The emphasis throughout was on the customer as investor and trader . . . 497 F.2d at 282-3 (emphasis added; footnotes and citation omitted).

Emphasis on the customer as investor and purchaser/trader has been a consistent theme in cases in this Circuit. See, e. g., S. E. C. v. Packer, Wilbur & Co., 498 F.2d 978, 984 (2d Cir. 1974); S. E. C. v. Alan F. Hughes, Inc., 461 F.2d 974, 977 (2d Cir. 1972); S. E. C. v. Kelly, Andrews & Bradley, Inc., 385 F. Supp. 948, 950 (S.D.N.Y.1974); S. E. C. v. Kenneth Bove & Co., Inc., 378 F. Supp. 697, 700; (S.D.N.Y.1974).5 Against this background, it is impossible to classify the Reading employees as "customers" of the debtor.6 The one hundred and eight beneficiaries were neither investors nor traders. The funds in the trust account came from Reading; the decision to entrust those funds to the debtor was the Trustees'. Appellees' counsel conceded at oral argument that none of the one hundred and eight would have had any standing as a "customer" of the then-solvent broker-dealer to give any buy or sell order in the account. The financial relationship, insofar as the Plan is concerned, was entirely between the beneficiaries and their employer, not the broker-dealer. Moreover, with respect to the employees' participation in the Plan, we note that it amounted only to a bookkeeping matter on the Reading books. There could be an unlimited number of employee additions to, and subtractions from, the company's Profit Sharing Plan of which the broker would have no knowledge and with which no concern. The trust account itself was in the name of the Trustees who had the exclusive power to entrust the assets to the debtor, to invest and reinvest, and to purchase and trade securities in the account as they saw fit. In short, the single trust account, represented by the Trustees collectively, possessed the required attributes for customer status under SIPA; the Reading employees possessed none of those attributes.

Not only the relevant case law, but common sense as well, mandates this result. We are hard pressed to discern any of the usual traits of a customer relationship between the employee-beneficiaries and the debtor. Black's Law Dictionary (4th Ed., 1951) defines a "customer" as

One who regularly or repeatedly makes purchases of, or has business dealings with, a tradesman or business house. Ordinarily, one who has had repeated business dealings with another. A buyer, purchaser, or patron. (citations omitted)

The employee-beneficiaries in the case before us made no purchases, transacted no business, and had no dealings whatsoever with the broker-dealer in question respecting the trust account. Indeed, they could not have any such dealings since the broker-dealer held no property belonging to any individual employee, in which such employee could trade or invest. Calculable amounts were payable to Reading's employees only in the event that, pursuant to the terms of the Plan, they became entitled thereto. The argument that, notwithstanding their complete anonymity and total incapacity to have dealings with the broker-debtor, the Reading employees were "customers" of Morgan-Kennedy stretches that term wholly beyond its limits.

Appellees point to provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDIA),7 which provide insurance coverage to the beneficiaries of customer accounts, in urging that a similar result be reached here. We cannot accept appellees' analogy of the two statutes in the case at bar. SIPA and FDIA are independent statutory schemes, enacted to serve the unique needs of the banking and securities industries, respectively. The Congress recognized this when it rejected several early versions of the SIPA bill which were patterned on FDIA and which extended insurance coverage to certain beneficial interests represented by customer accounts.8 Moreover, insofar as SIPA's definition of customer is concerned, this Court has held that its roots lie in Section 60(e) of the Bankruptcy Act,9 a view which supports our interpretation of the definition of "customer".10

Both of the courts below relied heavily on SIPC's Series 100 Rules (the Rules), 3 CCH Fed.Sec.L.Rep. P 26,667, to support the conclusion that all of the employee-beneficiaries were customers of the debtor. This reliance was misplaced. The Rules set forth the circumstances under which accounts which are held by the same individual in different capacities shall be treated as the accounts of "separate customers"; the effect of treating the accounts in this fashion is to entitle each such account to the maximum protection available to a customer of the debtor. Only those accounts which are held by valid customers of the debtor can qualify for separate coverage.11 Customer status under SIPA is therefore a prerequisite to the application of the Rules, and not a substitute therefor. Both of the courts below engaged in an analysis of the Rules which took no cognizance of this fact.

We note further that the specific provisions of the Rules belie rather than support appellees' position. Under Rule 104 a qualifying trust account12 may be afforded coverage as the account of a separate customer; however, in no case may the beneficiaries of such a trust receive individual coverage as separate customers.13 A similar result is reached by Rule 105 which provides that where co-owners of a qualifying joint account14 also hold other accounts in different capacities, the joint account will be treated as belonging to a "separate customer"; maximum coverage available to a single customer only will be available to the joint account, and the co-owners will be required to divide the single award in proportion to their ownership interests in the account.15 These provisions illustrate that, under SIPA, separate coverage for accounts held in different capacities is not to be confused with individual coverage for each individual owning some portion of, or interest in, the particular account. The former is explicitly provided for under the circumstances outlined in the Rules; the latter is as explicitly forbidden under the same Rules.

We find neither legislative nor judicial support for appellees' position, and we reject as inimical to our understanding of the term appellees' claim that the employee-beneficiaries of the trust account were customers of the broker-debtor.IV. "CUSTOMER" STATUS OF THE THREE TRUSTEES

The Trustees have argued alternatively that, if SIPC's definition of a customer is to prevail, each of the three Trustees must be considered a separate customer with separate claims against the debtor, based upon the debtor's dealings with each. This argument is without merit.

Under SIPA, the protection afforded to customers of the debtor is limited.16 The dollar maximums for advances to customers under § 78fff(f)(1) were selected by Congress with the intent of fully protecting the small investor only.17 Accounts in excess of $50,000 which were estimated to comprise over 90% of the total dollar value of all accounts at the time SIPA was enacted18 were to be left unprotected to the extent of any loss in excess of the statutory maximum.19

Appellees concede that SIPA was designed to give maximum coverage to the small investor rather than to the large account. Bondy's br. at 10; Trustees' br. at 12. Nevertheless, the Trustees by their argument seek to evade this legislative scheme by attempting to secure for the trust account protection in excess of the $50,000 limit established under SIPA. Any suggestion that each of the three Trustees has a separate customer claim against the debtor is untenable. The Trustees together managed the account for the trust,20 which was the true customer of the broker-dealer;21 the number of trustees sharing this responsibility was fortuitous.

If the available maximum of a SIPC advance depended upon the number of parties jointly holding an account, individuals could arbitrarily expand that figure at will. Such a result is obviously repugnant to the plain meaning of the statute and to the intent of Congress in passing it. Accordingly, we hold that the three trustees, by virtue of the trust account held by them collectively, may advance one customer claim only against the debtor.

V. NATURE OF THE TRUST'S CLAIM AGAINST THE DEBTOR

The Trustees advanced a final argument before the Bankruptcy Court in the event that Judge Babitt ruled in favor of SIPC. The Trustees argued that their claim against the debtor was for securities as well as cash, thus entitling them to the $50,000 maximum advance available under SIPA for securities held by the debtor.22 Both SIPC and Bondy disagreed, maintaining that the trust's claim was solely for a cash credit balance of $133,051.15. The parties' divergence of views arose from the fact that, following an order from the Trustees to sell certain securities, the debtor delivered certain of the securities to the Chemical Bank's Clearance Department, whereupon the bank refused to release them to purchasers and instead retained them to offset the debtor's loan obligations.

It was unnecessary for the Bankruptcy Court to reach this question since, under its holding, the trust's losses would be fully compensated irrespective of whether the $50,000 or $20,000 maximum were applied. Moreover, the issue appears to have received almost no attention before the Bankruptcy Court, the judge preferring to focus his attention on the status of the employee-beneficiaries.23

When the parties designated the record on appeal pursuant to Fed.R.App.P. 10 and Bankruptcy Rule 806, the only submission relative to this issue was the affidavit of William Ragusin, liquidator of the debtor, and the accompanying exhibits thereto.24 The District Court in its memorandum decision made no mention whatever of this issue. On appeal before this Court, the question received a minimum of attention by the parties. SIPC addressed itself to the nature of the trust's claim at the conclusion of its reply brief only. SIPC reply brief at 10-14. The Trustees devoted only brief space to the issue. Trustees' br. at 27-29. Bondy failed to discuss it entirely. In addition, there was some indication before the Bankruptcy Court that any determination regarding the nature of the trust's claim would require the resolution of certain factual issues.25 Although the Trustees and SIPC presented similar versions of the transactions in question to this Court, we cannot say, in light of the Bankruptcy Court proceedings and the sparseness of the parties' discussion, that the facts surrounding those transactions have been satisfactorily developed.

The Supreme Court has cautioned against the consideration, on review, of issues not reached by the lower court and not adequately presented in the reviewing tribunal. Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 475 n. 6, 90 S. Ct. 1153, 1157, 25 L. Ed. 2d 491 (1970); Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Flowers, 330 U.S. 464, 468, 67 S. Ct. 798, 800, 91 L. Ed. 1024 (1947). Where, as here, there may be a need for findings of fact before a decision can be rendered, that caution takes on an added dimension. Accordingly, we decline to rule on the nature of the trust's claim until that issue has been fully aired and decided by the court below.

Reversed and remanded to the Bankruptcy Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.